Heller Industries Inc. | https://hellerindustries.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/last-will-of-bga-void.pdf
BGA288 19x19 mm 1.0 mm A-CABGA288- .8mm-19mm- DC Test Vehicle The test board was 2.18mm (86 mil) thick with 14 dummy inner layers. The board was constructed using FR-4 material in accordance with IPC-4101/126 with an electroless nickel/immersion gold (ENIG
Heller Industries Inc. | https://hellerindustries.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/last-will-of-bga-void-1.pdf
BGA288 19x19 mm 1.0 mm A-CABGA288- .8mm-19mm- DC Test Vehicle The test board was 2.18mm (86 mil) thick with 14 dummy inner layers. The board was constructed using FR-4 material in accordance with IPC-4101/126 with an electroless nickel/immersion gold (ENIG
Imagineering, Inc. | https://www.pcbnet.com/blog/what-is-printed-circuit-board-use-for/
. They’re made of layers of materials, including tin-lead, nickel, and gold. They have to have high conductivity to keep the system working well
ASYMTEK Products | Nordson Electronics Solutions | https://www.nordson.com/en/divisions/polymer-processing-systems/information/heat-treatments
. The advantages of electroless over electro nickel are: (1) Uniform in thickness, even in deep recesses; (2) Non-porous; (3) Some ability to obtain higher hardness by baking; and (4) Better adhesion
Imagineering, Inc. | https://www.pcbnet.com/blog/everything-you-need-to-know-about-pcb-finish/
. Cost In the world of printed circuit boards, you get what you pay for. Generally, the more expensive PCB finishes like electrolytic wire bondable gold, electrolytic hard gold, and electroless nickel electroless palladium immersion gold (ENEPIG
ORION Industries | http://orionindustries.com/pdfs/Electrically_conductive_poron.pdf
* HB HB HB HB Vertical V-1 V-1 * V-1 Volume Resistivity, Ohm-cm (expression of conductivity) Rogers Corporation Internal Shielding Effectiveness, dB: At Thickness
Imagineering, Inc. | https://www.pcbnet.com/blog/understanding-the-pcb-fabrication-process-from-design-to-delivery/
. For example, electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) is a common surface finish due to its long shelf life and RoHS compliance . However, it’s more expensive than other options
Surface Mount Technology Association (SMTA) | https://www.smta.org/smtai/best_papers.cfm
-Copper Lead-Free Solders and Nickel" 2001: Mark Norris, ViTechnology, LLC, Switzerland "Advances in Automatic Optical Inspection: Gray Scale Correlation vs. Vectoral Imaging" 2000: Kiyoshi Hasegawa, Akio Takahashi, Dr. Takaaki Noudou, Sumiko Nakajima
Heller Industries Inc. | https://hellerindustries.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Optimizing-Reflowed-Solder-TIM-sTIMs-Processes-for-Emerging-Heterogeneous.pdf
. Indium and its alloys are used as reflowed solder thermal interface materials in both CPU and GPU “die to lid/heat spreader” (TIM1) applications. Their high bulk thermal conductivity and proven long-term reliability suit them well for extreme thermomechanical stresses
Surface Mount Technology Association (SMTA) | https://www.smta.org/knowledge/journal.cfm
al. Abstract 17-2 IMPACTS OF BULK PHOSPHOROUS CONTENT OF ELECTROLESS NICKEL LAYERS TO SOLDER JOINT INTEGRITY AND THEIR USE AS GOLD- AND ALUMINUM-WIRE BOND SURFACES Kuldip Johal and Hugh Roberts et al. Abstract 17-2 ELECTROCHEMICAL MIGRATION ON HASL
