Pad Cratering opens circuits. This occurs when the resin crack (fracture) migrates through a copper trace or via. This happens at assembly, in service or during handling. When component is removed, PCB copper pad comes with it, leaving behind a "crater" in the PCB. Has become more prevalent with lead free assemblies. Contributing factors include board thickness, size, resin type, CTE of the PCB and component, solder type, component position, assembly conditions post assembly handling...
SMTA - Surface Mount Technology Association is a non-profit international association of companies and individuals (totalling 4,000) involved in all aspects of advanced electronics assembly, surface mount and related technologies. Membership Info | SMTA Certification | Bookstore
IPC - Association Connecting Electronics Industries is a US-based trade association dedicated to the competitive excellence and financial success of its nearly 2,600 member companies which represent all facets of the electronic interconnection industry, including design, printed wiring board manufacturing and electronics assembly. Membership Info | Training & Certification Programs | Standards & Publications - Online Store