Heller Industries Inc. | https://hellerindustries.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Optimizing-Reflowed-Solder-TIM-sTIMs-Processes-for-Emerging-Heterogeneous.pdf
. The solubility of nickel in the indium is very low so diffusion-controlled growth of the intermetallic (IMC) layer is slow. On exposure to air, nickel forms a unsolderable oxide on its surface, so it is protected with a flash coating of gold. In
| https://www.eptac.com/j-std-001-revision-changes-regarding-the-requirements-for-gold-plating-removal/
2.54 μm [100 μin] or more of gold thickness. A double tinning process or dynamic solder wave may be used for gold removal prior to mounting the component on the assembly
| https://www.eptac.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/eptac_10_17_12.pdf
| https://www.eptac.com/soldertip/soldertips-solderability-issues-with-nickle-plated-surfaces/
. They will re-tin with flux, but reappear following steam-aging. Is this something you have encountered before? Answer: There is a metallurgy issue with soldering to nickel plated surfaces and depending upon the thickness of the final tin/lead coating, the steam aging will penetrate the finish coating and create a
| https://www.eptac.com/faqs/soldertips/soldertip/soldertips-solderability-issues-with-nickle-plated-surfaces
. They will re-tin with flux, but reappear following steam-aging. Is this something you have encountered before? Answer: There is a metallurgy issue with soldering to nickel plated surfaces and depending upon the thickness of the final tin/lead coating, the steam aging will penetrate the finish coating and create a
| https://www.eptac.com/soldertips/soldertips-solderability-issues-with-nickle-plated-surfaces/
. They will re-tin with flux, but reappear following steam-aging. Is this something you have encountered before? Answer: There is a metallurgy issue with soldering to nickel plated surfaces and depending upon the thickness of the final tin/lead coating, the steam aging will penetrate the finish coating and create a
Surface Mount Technology Association (SMTA) | https://www.smta.org/knowledge/proceedings_abstract.cfm?PROC_ID=5255
) European Union Directive has significantly reduced the use of tin/lead surface finishes for component terminations. A reexamination of solder joint wetting of lead-free solders with the new component terminations is key to establishing thermal process profiles that ensure acceptable solder joint integrity
Surface Mount Technology Association (SMTA) | https://www.smta.org/smtai/best_papers.cfm
: Hersh Kohli, Motorola, Illinois "E-Manufacturing Software for Product and Process Real-Time Monitoring" 2000: Andrew Mawer, Motorola SPS, Texas "Automotive PBGA Assembly and Board-Level Reliability with Lead-Free Versus Lead-Tin Interconnect" 1999
Surface Mount Technology Association (SMTA) | https://www.smta.org/icsr/speaker_forms/Paper-Format-Requirements.doc
is D/δ for the case of diffusion control, were D is the diffusion coefficient in liquid and δ is the thickness of the effective concentration boundary layer. In general, the boundary layer thickness is less than 0.1mm. This boundary layer is a layer of
